Water plays a vital role in a cow’s health, directly affecting milk production, digestion, and temperature regulation. Since milk is composed of about 80% water, proper hydration is essential, especially for lactating cows. A good schedule includes fresh water in the morning (6–8 AM), afternoon (12–2 PM), and evening (6–8 PM), with constant access to clean water throughout the day, particularly in shaded areas during hot weather. On average, lactating cows need 50–100 liters daily, while non-lactating cows require 30–50 liters. Clean, fresh, and lukewarm (in winter) water should always be available, and troughs must be regularly sanitized to prevent infections.
